The Epic of Gilgamesh reviewed in-depth

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a mysterious poem, with no single author known to the be the sole creator of the work. Regardless, it has gained a place in history as one of the earliest pieces of literature. This epic poem has captured the imagination of readers for millennia, inspiring countless works of art, literature, and film.

What is The Epic of Gilgamesh?

Scholars believe that the Sumerian and Akkadian version of the epic was passed down orally over several centuries before being written. The inscriptions on the cuneiform clay tablets indicate that a scribe and priest, Sin-leqe-unnini, may have written it around 2100 BCE. The poem is divided into twelve tablets, each conveying a different part of the story.

Gilgamesh and Enkidu

The tale follows Gilgamesh, a mighty king of Uruk, who is two-thirds god and one-third human, and his adventures with his companion Enkidu.

Initially, Gilgamesh is a despotic ruler who mistreats his citizens. The people of Uruk pray for divine intervention, and the goddess Aruru creates Enkidu, a wild man who resides in the forest with the animals. Enkidu travels to Uruk to challenge Gilgamesh, and they engage in a prolonged and brutal battle before becoming allies.

The poem follows Gilgamesh and Enkidu on their exploits as they travel to the Cedar Forest to defeat the demon Humbaba.

The wrath of Ishtar

After killing Humbaba with the blessing of Gilgamesh’s mother, Ninsun, and the sun god, Shamash, Gilgamesh, and Enkidu cut down trees and head back to Uruk. Once there, Ishtar, the goddess of love and war, propositions Gilgamesh. He declines, knowing the danger of becoming one of her lovers. Infuriated, Ishtar unleashes the Bull of Heaven on Uruk, causing the deaths of many young men. Enkidu slays the beast, and Ishtar becomes even angrier.

Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality

Later, Enkidu dreams of the gods punishing him for their previous deeds, and his dream comes true as he dies of an illness. Gilgamesh is devastated by Enkidu’s death and reflects on his mortality. He decides to seek out Utnapishtim, the only immortal person, in hope of discovering the secret to eternal life.

Gilgamesh journeys through Mount Mashu’s darkness and reaches a land of jewels, where he meets Siduri, the alewife. She directs him to Ur-shanabi, the ferryman, and together they reach Utnapishtim after Gilgamesh carries their boat.

Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that human immortality is impossible by recounting the story of Noah and the great flood and how the gods granted him and his wife immortality. However, he tells Gilgamesh of a plant that can promote rejuvenation, which Gilgamesh finds but loses to a snake. Despite this, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk and reflects on his legacy, highlighting that although he may physically die, the city of Uruk will serve as a testament to his life.

The poem explores friendship, mortality, and the search for meaning in life.

The Epic of Gilgamesh—Our review

Here is our book review of the Gilgamesh epic, an intriguing literary work that depicts life in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). Although the story may appear unfamiliar to modern readers, it’s worth reading for its insights into the human condition and timeless themes.

Evocative themes and timeless legacy

One of the fascinating aspects of The Epic of Gilgamesh is the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The characters are well-developed, with Enkidu’s humility contrasting with Gilgamesh’s hubris. Their friendship is central to the story, and the poem explores the connections that can form between people from different backgrounds.

The poem thoughtfully examines themes of life and death and the quest for immortality as Gilgamesh realizes that he cannot avoid his fate.

Along with many timeless and evocative themes that are as relevant today as they were over 4,000 years ago, the epic has produced a substantial legacy. The poem’s style, structure, and themes have inspired Greek epics such as Homer’s The Odyssey and The Iliad. Moreover, some prominent myths, such as the Great Flood, are remarkably similar to the Babylonian flood story and the Hebrew story of Noah’s ark from the Old Testament. Other prevalent themes have been likened to Adam and Eve and creationist tales in Genesis.

A challenging but rewarding read

However, The Epic of Gilgamesh can be a demanding read. The archaic language and narrative structure may take time to comprehend, even in English translations of the story. Furthermore, many references to Mesopotamian culture and mythology may require prior knowledge to appreciate fully. That said, this epic poem is a must-read if you’re interested in the enchanting and underexplored world of the Bronze Age, Assyrian culture, and the reign of Ashurbanipal.

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a challenging yet fulfilling read, offering a unique viewpoint on the ancient world and the human experience. Although some readers may find the story difficult to follow, the poem’s intricate symbolism and complex characters make it an enduring work of value.

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FAQ

What is the main message of The Epic of Gilgamesh?

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a cautionary tale against hubris and the pursuit of power and a celebration of human resilience and the enduring power of friendship. It also explores the theme of legacy as a foil to physical mortality.

Is The Epic of Gilgamesh a difficult read?

Although The Epic of Gilgamesh can be challenging to read due to its archaic language and cultural references, numerous translations make it more accessible to contemporary readers. A new version by Stephen Mitchell is recommended for new readers who want a comprehensive and comprehensible introduction to the story. The story has also been translated by Andrew George and N.K. Sandars.

Why should I read The Epic of Gilgamesh?

The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of human history’s earliest and most significant literary works. It provides essential insights into ancient Mesopotamian civilization’s values and beliefs while exploring timeless themes.

Reading this epic can also broaden one’s understanding of literature and history and offer a deeper appreciation of the evolution of storytelling.